feat(docs): replace gas fee refund formulas with LaTeX

Replace image-based formulas for the Flat Tax Rule and Identity Constraint
with LaTeX equations in the gas fee refunds documentation. This change
improves accessibility and allows for easier maintenance of the mathematical
content.

- Remove image placeholders for formulas
- Add LaTeX equations for the Flat Tax Rule
- Add LaTeX equations and explanation for the Identity Constraint

docs/flashbots-auction/advanced/gas-fee-refunds.md

@@ -73,27 +73,45 @@ Bundles sent by the same signer will be treated as non-competitive.
 
 ### The Flat Tax Rule
 
-<div className="med caption-img">
-
-![Flat tax rule](/img/flat-tax-rule.png)
-
-Definition of the flat tax rule
-
-</div>
+- **$B(T)$** is the most profitable block produced from bundles in $T$.
+- **$v(T)$** is the value of $B(T)$.
+- **$b_i(T)$** is the payment of all bundles sent by identity $i$ if block $B(T)$ is realized.
+- **$\mu_i(T) = \min\{b_i(T), v(T) - v(T \setminus \{i\})\}$** is the marginal contribution of all bundles sent by identity $i$ if $B(T)$ is realized. We bound the marginal contribution so that the net payment can't be negative.
+- **$c$** is the amount the builder pays to the proposer to win the block.
+
+$$
+\phi_i(T, c) = \frac{\mu_i(T)}{\sum_j \mu_j(T)} \min\{v(B(T)) - c, \sum_j \mu_j(T)\}
+$$
+
+So the net payment per identity (assuming it's included) is $p_i(T) = b_i(B(T)) - \phi_i(T, c)$.
 
 Notice that if the block generates enough value after paying the proposer, everyone should be refunded their contribution, meaning everyone pays the minimum they need to pay to beat competition. 
 
 ### Identity constraint
 
 To avoid the rule being gamed by submitting bundles from multiple identities, we impose an additional constraint that no set of identities can receive in total more refunds than they contribute to the block.
 
-<div className="med caption-img">
+For each set of identities $I$ we define
+
+$$
+\mu_I(T) = \min\{\sum_{i\in I} b_i(T), v(T) - v(T \setminus I)\},
+$$
+
+to be the joint marginal contribution of the identities in $I$ to the block. Then we choose rebates that are minimally different from the flat-tax rule subject to the constraint that they don't rebate a set of bundles more in total than its joint marginal contribution. This means the vector of rebates $\psi(T, c)$ solves
+
+$$
+\min_{r\in\mathbb{R}^n_+} \sum_i (r_i - \phi_i(T, c))^2
+$$
 
-![Identity constraint](/img/identity-constraint.png)
+$$
+\text{subject to} \sum_{i\in I} r_i \leq \mu_I(T) \text{ for each } I \subseteq B(T),
+$$
 
-Definition of the identity constraint
+$$
+\sum_i r_i \leq v(T) - c
+$$
 
-</div>
+where $\phi(T, c)$ are the orginal flat-tax rebates as defined above.
 
 ## Who receives refunds