feat(objectionary#56):first version of blog about cache

_posts/2024/2024-02-06-about-caching-in-eo.md

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+---
+layout: post
+date: 2024-02-06
+title: "Build cache in EO and other build systems"
+author: Alekseeva Yana
+---
+
+<!--more-->
+
+## Introduction
+Wasting a lot of time on building a project is a programming problem. At the moment a programmer starts an
+assembly, he loses focus on a task and spends valuable working time. Different build systems use many tools,
+helping to assemble a project faster, namely caching, task parallelization, distributed building and much more.
+The subject of this article is caching, because completed tasks caching allows not to spend resources again. 
+So in [EO](https://github.com/objectionary/eo) caching is used for speeding up programs work.
+While developing [EO](https://github.com/objectionary/eo) we found caching errors in `eo-maven-plugin`
+for EO version `0.34.0`. The error occurred, because using a file name and comparing equality of
+compilation time and caching time is not the most reliable verification. Unit tests were written showing that 
+cache does not work correctly. Also reading a file was necessary for getting a programme name 
+that slowed down an assembly. 
+That we came to conclusion that we need caching with a reliable verification which does not require reading a file
+from disk. And using cache should save us enough time for building a project.
+
+The goal of this article is to research caching in frequently used build systems (`ccache`, `Maven`, `Gradle`)
+and to create effective caching in [EO](https://github.com/objectionary/eo).
+
+## Build caching of existing build systems
+
+### ccache/sccache
+In compiled programming languages, building a project takes a long time.
+The reason of long compilation is time is spent on preparing, optimizing and checking the code, and so on.
+To speed up the assembly of compiled languages, ccache and sccache are used.
+Let's look at the compilation scheme using C++ as an example,
+to imagine the build process in compiled languages:
+
+
+![Picture 1](/Users/yanaalekseeva/IdeaProjects/news.eolang.org/images/ccach.svg)
+
+1) First, preprocessor gets the input files. Input files are code files and header files.
+The preprocessor removes comments from the code and converts the code into in accordance
+with macros and executes other directives, starting with the “#” symbol
+(such as #include, #define, various directives like #pragma).
+The result is a single edited file with human-readable code that can be submitted to the compiler.
+
+
+2) The compiler receives the finished code file and converts it into machine code, presented in an object file.
+At the compilation stage, parsing occurs, which checks whether the code matches
+rules of a specific programming language. Next, the code is parsed into machine code according to the rules.
+At the end of its work, the compiler optimizes the resulting machine code and produces an object file. 
+To speed up compilation, different files of the same project are compiled in parallel,
+that is, we receive several object files at once.
+
+3)  After all received project object files are passed to the linker.
+Linker is a program that combines program components, written in assembly language or a high-level programming language,
+to an executable file or library. The result of the linker is an executable .exe file.
+
+
+As a result, in compiled languages, multiple files are simultaneously and independently converted into machine code at the compilation stage.
+This machine code is then combined into one executable file.
+
+
+`ccache` has two main caching methods они:
+1) `Direct mode` - hashcode is generated based on the source code.
+2) `Preprocessor mode` - hashcode is generated based on the result of preprocessor.
+
+The hashcode includes information: file contents, directory, compiler information, compilation time, extensions
+used by the compiler. A compressed machine code file is placed in the cache using the received key.
+
+`Direct mode` compiles the program faster, since the preprocessor step is skipped. 
+But header files are not checked for changes, so the wrong project may be built.
+`Preprocessor mode` is slower than `direct mode`, but right project is built always.
+
+Sccache, unlike ccache, allows to store the cache not only locally but also in the cloud,
+and it also has fixed some bugs (for example, there is a check of header files, which makes direct mode more accurate).
+
+
+### Maven
+`Maven` automates and manages Java-projects build. Building a project in `Maven` is completed in three
+maven [LifeCycles Maven](https://maven.apache.org/guides/introduction/introduction-to-the-lifecycle.html),
+which consist of `phases`. `Phases` in turn consist of sets of `goals`.
+
+`Maven` has default `phases` and `goals`  which build any projects.
+
+
+![Picture 2](/Users/yanaalekseeva/IdeaProjects/news.eolang.org/images/defaultPhaseMaven.svg)
+
+
+In `Maven` all phases and goals are executed strictly in order, linearly.
+But in `Maven` there is no build-time caching as such.
+`Maven` suggests rebuilding only changed project modules to speed up the build process.
+
+### Gradle
+`Gradle`, like `Maven`, builds a project in 
+[LifeCycles Gradle](https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/build_lifecycle.html), which consists of phases.
+But unlike `Maven`, `Gradle` builds projects using a task graph - 
+[Directed Acyclic Graph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph),
+in which some tasks can be executed synchronously.
+To speed up project builds, `Gradle` uses incremental builds
+[Incremental build](https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/incremental_build.html#sec:how_does_it_work).
+For an incremental build to work, the tasks that are used to build the project must have
+source and output files must be specified.
+```
+task myTask {
+    inputs.dir 'src/main/java/MyTask.somebody' // Specify the input directory
+    outputs.dir 'build/classes/java/main/MyTask.somebody' // Specify the output directory
+
+    doLast {
+        // Task actions go here
+        // This code will only be executed if the inputs or outputs have changed
+    }
+}
+```
+Every time before executing a task, `Gradle` makes a fingerprint of the path
+and contents of the source files and saves it.
+If the task completes successfully, then `Gradle` also makes a fingerprint from the resulting files.
+To avoid re-fingerprinting the original files, `Gradle` checks the last modification time and the size of the original
+files before reassembling. Thus, when the project is rebuilt, some or all of the tasks may be
+not completed, but to use the results already obtained.
+`Gradle` also stores fingerprints of previous builds so that projects can be built quickly, for example when switching
+from one branch to another - `Build Cache`.
+
+
+
+
+### EO build cache
+
+EO code is compiled using the `Maven` build system.
+For this purpose, the `eo-maven-plugin` plugin was written,
+which contains the goals necessary for working with EO code.
+As was written above, the assembly of projects in `Maven` occurs in a certain order of phases.
+In the diagram you can see the main phases and their goals for the EO version of the compiler (specify version):
+
+![Picture 3](/Users/yanaalekseeva/IdeaProjects/news.eolang.org/images/EO.svg)
+
+In [Picture 3](/Users/yanaalekseeva/IdeaProjects/news.eolang.org/images/EO.svg) the goals from the `eo-maven-plugin`
+are highlighted in green.
+
+
+But the actual work with EO code takes place in `AssembleMojo`.
+`AssembleMojo` is the goal consisting of other goals that work with the EO file 
+[Picture 4](/Users/yanaalekseeva/IdeaProjects/news.eolang.org/images/AssembleMojo.svg).
+
+![Picture 4](/Users/yanaalekseeva/IdeaProjects/news.eolang.org/images/AssembleMojo.svg)
+
+Each goal in `AssembleMojo` is a specific compilation step for EO code, and we need to use
+caching at each step to speed up the assembly of the EO program.
+
+In EO version `0.34.0`, 
+caching for different `Mojo` was done using unrelated different `Footprint` and `Optimization` interfaces,
+within which mostly the same methods were used.
+The difference between interfaces is that in `Footprint` the EO version of the compiler is checked,
+while the rest of the checks are exactly the same.
+
+
+Now goals are `ParseMojo`, `OptimazeMojo` и `ShakeMojo` , in which caching can be applied,
+have directory of results and directory of cache.
+
+
+The disadvantages of initial caching in EO:
+* the compilation time and the time of saving to the cache must be equal. 
+The problem with this verification is that the moment of compilation and the moment of saving to the cache must coincide.
+* verification data is read from a file on disk. This is a long and expensive operation.
+* each purpose uses its own classes and interfaces for data caching. 
+This makes the code difficult to extensibility and readability.
+
+
+Therefore, our target is to create a single class responsible for caching data
+and loading the necessary data from the cache, which can be used for any `Mojo` from the `eo-maven-plugin`.
+
+
+How do we want to fix this disadvantages:
+1) Create a new class `Cache` that will be responsible for data verification, saving to cache and loading from cache.
+
+```
+public class Cache {
+
+    private List<CacheValidation> validations;
+    
+    public Cache(final List<CacheValidation> cv) {
+        this.validations = cv;
+    }
+    
+    public Optional<XML> load(final Path source, final Path cache) {...};
+    
+    public void save(final Path cache, final Scalar<String> program, final Path relative) {...};
+}
+```
+
+
+`List<CacheValidation>` is a list of validations that are implemented from the `CacheValidation` interface.
+Different validations can be applied for different `Mojo`.
+
+
+```
+public interface CacheValidation {
+    boolean validate(final Path source, final Path cache) throws IOException;
+}
+```
+
+2) To avoid reading from disk, we will use file paths `Path`.
+The classes `Path` and `Files` have methods to obtain the necessary information.
+
+
+3) The relevance of the cached data will be checked by the condition
+that the time of the last modification of the source file must be earlier than or equal to that saved in the cache.
+
+These solutions will speed up compilation in the build system `Maven`.
+
+
+### Conclusion
+There is an EO program `program.eo`, which is launched for the first time.
+At each `Mojo` stage, the execution results will be saved to the cache of the current `Mojo`.
+If this program is run again, these `Mojo` will receive data from the cache,
+without wasting time and computer resources on recompilation.
+If we change something in the `program.eo` file, the program will have to be recompiled,
+since the last modification time the original file will be later than those stored in the cache.
+As a result of `Mojo` work, the cache was overwritten.
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