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</style><link href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/W3C-WD" rel="stylesheet"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script src='https://www.w3.org/2008/site/js/html5shiv.js'></script><![endif]--></head>
<body class="h-entry" id="respecDocument" role="document"><div class="head" id="respecHeader" role="contentinfo">
<p>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img width="72" height="48" alt="W3C" src="https://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_home"></a>
</p>
<h1 class="title p-name" id="title" property="dcterms:title">DOM Parsing and Serialization</h1>
<h2 id="subtitle" property="bibo:subtitle">DOMParser, XMLSerializer, innerHTML, and similar APIs</h2>
<h2 id="w3c-last-call-working-draft-01-may-2014" property="dcterms:issued" content="2014-05-01T07:00:00.000Z" datatype="xsd:dateTime"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Last Call Working Draft <time class="dt-published" datetime="2014-05-01">01 May 2014</time></h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt>
<dd><a class="u-url" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-DOM-Parsing-20140501/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/WD-DOM-Parsing-20140501/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest published version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Parsing/">http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Parsing/</a></dd>
<dt>Latest editor's draft:</dt>
<dd><a href="https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/innerhtml/raw-file/tip/index.html">https://dvcs.w3.org/hg/innerhtml/raw-file/tip/index.html</a></dd>
<dt>Test suite:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://w3c-test.org/domparsing/">http://w3c-test.org/domparsing/</a></dd>
<dt>Previous version:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-DOM-Parsing-20131210/" rel="dcterms:replaces">http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-DOM-Parsing-20131210/</a></dd>
<dt>Editor:</dt>
<dd class="p-author h-card vcard" inlist="" rel="bibo:editor"><span typeof="foaf:Person"><span class="p-name fn" property="foaf:name">Travis Leithead</span>, <a class="p-org org h-org h-card" href="http://www.microsoft.com" rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage">Microsoft</a>, <span class="ed_mailto"><a class="u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]" rel="foaf:mbox">[email protected]</a></span></span>
</dd>
</dl>
<p class="copyright">
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> ©
2014
<a href="http://www.w3.org/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr></a><sup>®</sup>
(<a href="http://www.csail.mit.edu/"><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://www.ercim.eu/"><abbr title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>, <a href="http://ev.buaa.edu.cn/">Beihang</a>),
All Rights Reserved.
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>,
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a> and
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a>
rules apply.
</p>
<hr>
</div>
<section class="introductory" id="abstract" typeof="bibo:Chapter" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" rel="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract"><h2 id="h2_abstract" role="heading" aria-level="1">Abstract</h2>
<p>This specification defines various APIs for programmatic access to
HTML and generic XML parsers by web applications for use in parsing
and serializing DOM nodes.</p>
</section><section class="introductory" id="sotd" typeof="bibo:Chapter" rel="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd"><h2 id="h2_sotd" role="heading" aria-level="1">Status of This Document</h2>
<p>
<em>This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication.
Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> publications and the
latest revision of this technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/"><abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> technical reports index</a> at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em>
</p>
<p>This specification is based on the original work of the <a href="http://domparsing.spec.whatwg.org/">
DOM Parsing and Serialization</a> Living Specification, though it has diverged in terms of
supported features, normative requirements, and algorithm specificity. As appropriate,
relevant fixes from the living specification are incorporated into this document.
</p>
<p>
This document was published by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2008/webapps/">Web Applications Working Group</a> as a Last Call Working Draft.
This document is intended to become a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Recommendation.
If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to
<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=DOM-Parsing">[email protected]</a>
(<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=subscribe">subscribe</a>,
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-dom/">archives</a>)
with <code>DOM-Parsing</code> at the start of your email's subject.
The Last Call period ends 22 May 2014.
All comments are welcome.
</p>
<p>
Publication as a Last Call Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr>
Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other
documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
progress.
</p>
<p>
This is a Last Call Working Draft and thus the Working Group has determined that this
document has satisfied the relevant technical requirements and is sufficiently stable to
advance through the Technical Recommendation process.
</p>
<p>
This document was produced by a group operating under the
<a id="sotd_patent" href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/" rel="w3p:patentRules" about="">5 February 2004 <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent
Policy</a>.
<abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> maintains a <a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/42538/status" rel="disclosure">public list of any patent
disclosures</a>
made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent
which the individual believes contains
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#def-essential">Essential
Claim(s)</a> must disclose the information in accordance with
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/#sec-Disclosure">section
6 of the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Patent Policy</a>.
</p>
</section><section id="toc"><h2 class="introductory" id="h2_toc" role="heading" aria-level="1">Table of Contents</h2><ul class="toc" id="respecContents" role="directory"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#conformance"><span class="secno">1. </span>Conformance</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#dependencies"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Dependencies</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#extensibility"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Extensibility</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#terminology"><span class="secno">2. </span>Terminology</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#namespaces"><span class="secno">3. </span>Namespaces</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#parsing-and-serializing-nodes"><span class="secno">4. </span>Parsing and serializing <span title="node" class="formerLink">Node</span>s</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#parsing"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Parsing</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#serializing"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Serializing</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#the-domparser-interface"><span class="secno">5. </span>The <code>DOMParser</code> interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#methods"><span class="secno">5.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#the-xmlserializer-interface"><span class="secno">6. </span>The <code>XMLSerializer</code> interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#methods-1"><span class="secno">6.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#extensions-to-the-element-interface"><span class="secno">7. </span>Extensions to the <code><span title="element" class="formerLink">Element</span></code> interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#attributes"><span class="secno">7.1 </span>Attributes</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#methods-2"><span class="secno">7.2 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#extensions-to-the-range-interface"><span class="secno">8. </span>Extensions to the <code><span title="range" class="formerLink">Range</span></code> interface</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#methods-3"><span class="secno">8.1 </span>Methods</a></li></ul></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#acknowledgements"><span class="secno">A. </span>Acknowledgements</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#references"><span class="secno">B. </span>References</a><ul class="toc"><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#normative-references"><span class="secno">B.1 </span>Normative references</a></li><li class="tocline"><a class="tocxref" href="#informative-references"><span class="secno">B.2 </span>Informative references</a></li></ul></li></ul></section>
<!--
<section id="issues" class="introductory">
<h1>Issues</h1>
<p class=issue>Open issues that appear throughout the remainder of this
document will be highlighted like this.</p>
</section>
-->
<section id="conformance" typeof="bibo:Chapter" rel="bibo:Chapter" resource="#conformance"><!--OddPage--><h2 id="h2_conformance" role="heading" aria-level="1"><span class="secno">1. </span>Conformance</h2>
<p>
As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples,
and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is
normative.
</p>
<p>
The key words <em title="MUST" class="rfc2119">MUST</em>, <em title="MUST NOT" class="rfc2119">MUST NOT</em>, <em title="REQUIRED" class="rfc2119">REQUIRED</em>, <em title="SHOULD" class="rfc2119">SHOULD</em>, <em title="SHOULD NOT" class="rfc2119">SHOULD NOT</em>, <em title="RECOMMENDED" class="rfc2119">RECOMMENDED</em>, <em title="MAY" class="rfc2119">MAY</em>,
and <em title="OPTIONAL" class="rfc2119">OPTIONAL</em> in this specification are to be interpreted as described in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-RFC2119">RFC2119</a></cite>].
</p>
<p>Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms
(such as "strip any leading space characters" or "return false and
terminate these steps") are to be interpreted with the meaning of the
key word ("must", "should", "may", etc) used in introducing the
algorithm.</p>
<p>Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps
may be implemented in any manner, so long as the end result is
equivalent. (In particular, the algorithms defined in this
specification are intended to be easy to follow, and not intended to
be performant.)</p>
<p id="hardwareLimitations">User agents may impose
implementation-specific limits on otherwise unconstrained inputs,
e.g. to prevent denial of service attacks, to guard against running
out of memory, or to work around platform-specific limitations.</p>
<p>When a method or an attribute is said to call another method or
attribute, the user agent must invoke its internal API for that
attribute or method so that e.g. the author can't change the behavior
by overriding attributes or methods with custom properties or functions
in ECMAScript.</p>
<p>Unless otherwise stated, string comparisons are done in a <a title="case-sensitive" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#case-sensitive">
case-sensitive</a> manner.</p>
<p>If an algorithm calls into another algorithm, any exception that is
thrown by the latter (unless it is explicitly caught), must cause the
former to terminate, and the exception to be propagated up to
<em>its</em> caller.</p>
<section id="dependencies">
<h3 id="h3_dependencies" role="heading" aria-level="2"><span class="secno">1.1 </span>Dependencies</h3>
<p>The IDL fragments in this specification must be interpreted as
required for conforming IDL fragments, as described in the Web IDL
specification. [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>]</p>
<p>Some of the terms used in this specification are defined in
[<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>], [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-HTML5">HTML5</a></cite>], and [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XML10">XML10</a></cite>].
</p></section>
<section id="extensibility">
<h3 id="h3_extensibility" role="heading" aria-level="2"><span class="secno">1.2 </span>Extensibility</h3>
<p>Vendor-specific proprietary extensions to this specification are
strongly discouraged. Authors must not use such extensions, as
doing so reduces interoperability and fragments the user base,
allowing only users of specific user agents to access the content in
question.</p>
<p>If vendor-specific extensions are needed, the members should be
prefixed by vendor-specific strings to prevent clashes with future
versions of this specification. Extensions must be defined so that
the use of extensions neither contradicts nor causes the
non-conformance of functionality defined in the specification.</p>
<p>When vendor-neutral extensions to this specification are needed,
either this specification can be updated accordingly, or an
extension specification can be written that overrides the
requirements in this specification. When someone applying this
specification to their activities decides that they will recognise
the requirements of such an extension specification, it becomes an
<dfn title="other applicable specifications" id="dfn-other-applicable-specifications">applicable
specification</dfn> for the purposes of conformance requirements in
this specification.</p>
<!-- http://www.w3.org/mid/[email protected] -->
</section>
</section>
<section id="terminology">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="h2_terminology" role="heading" aria-level="1"><span class="secno">2. </span>Terminology</h2>
<p>The term <dfn id="dfn-context-object">context object</dfn> means the object on which the method or
attribute being discussed was called.
</p></section>
<section id="namespaces">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="h2_namespaces" role="heading" aria-level="1"><span class="secno">3. </span>Namespaces</h2>
<p>The <dfn title="html-ns" id="dfn-html-ns">HTML namespace</dfn> is <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml</code>.
<p>The <dfn title="xml-ns" id="dfn-xml-ns">XML namespace</dfn> is <code>http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace</code>.
<p>The <dfn title="xmlns-ns" id="dfn-xmlns-ns">XMLNS namespace</dfn> is <code>http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/</code>.
</p></section>
<section id="parsing-and-serializing-nodes">
<!--OddPage--><h2 id="h2_parsing-and-serializing-nodes" role="heading" aria-level="1"><span class="secno">4. </span>Parsing and serializing <a title="node" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#node">Node</a>s</h2>
<section id="parsing">
<h3 id="h3_parsing" role="heading" aria-level="2"><span class="secno">4.1 </span>Parsing</h3>
<p>The following steps form the
<dfn title="concept-parse-fragment" id="dfn-concept-parse-fragment">fragment parsing algorithm</dfn>, whose
arguments are a <var>markup</var> string and a
<var>context element</var>:
<ol>
<li>
<p>If the <var>context element</var>'s
<a title="concept-node-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node-document">node document</a>
is an <a title="html-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#html-document">HTML document</a>: let
<var>algorithm</var> be the
<a title="html-fragment-parsing-algorithm" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/single-page.html#html-fragment-parsing-algorithm">HTML
fragment parsing algorithm</a>.</p>
<p>If the <var>context element</var>'s
<a title="concept-node-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node-document">node document</a>
is an <a title="xml-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#xml-document">XML document</a>: let
<var>algorithm</var> be the
<a title="xml-fragment-parsing-algorithm" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/single-page.html#xml-fragment-parsing-algorithm">XML
fragment parsing algorithm</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>Invoke <var>algorithm</var> with <var>markup</var> as
the <var>input</var>, and <var>context element</var> as the
<var><a title="concept-frag-parse-context" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/single-page.html#concept-frag-parse-context">context</a></var>
element.</li>
<li>Let <var>new children</var> be the nodes returned.</li>
<li>Let <var>fragment</var> be a new
<code><a title="documentfragment" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#documentfragment">DocumentFragment</a></code> whose
<a title="concept-node-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node-document">node document</a>
is <var>context element</var>'s
<a title="concept-node-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node-document">node document</a>.
<li><a title="concept-node-append" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node-append">Append</a>
each <a title="concept-node" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node">node</a> in
<var>new children</var> to <var>fragment</var>
(in <a title="concept-tree-order" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-tree-order">tree order</a>).
<div class="note"><div class="note-title" id="h_note_1" role="heading" aria-level="3"><span>Note</span></div><p>This ensures the
<a title="concept-node-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node-document">node document</a>
for the new <a title="concept-node" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node">nodes</a> is correct.
</p></div><li>Return <var>fragment</var>.
</li></ol>
</section>
<section id="serializing">
<h3 id="h3_serializing" role="heading" aria-level="2"><span class="secno">4.2 </span>Serializing</h3>
<p>The following steps form the
<dfn title="concept-fragment-serializing-algorithm" id="dfn-concept-fragment-serializing-algorithm">fragment serializing algorithm</dfn>,
whose arguments are a <code><a title="node" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#node">Node</a></code>
<var>node</var> and a flag <dfn title="concept-well-formed" id="dfn-concept-well-formed">require well-formed</dfn>:
<ol>
<li>Let <var>context document</var> be <var>node</var>'s
<a title="concept-node-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-node-document">node document</a>.
<li>If <var>context document</var> is an
<a title="html-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#html-document">HTML document</a>,
return an <a title="concept-serialize-html" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-html">HTML serialization</a> of <var>node</var>.
<li>Otherwise, <var>context document</var> is an
<a title="xml-document" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#xml-document">XML document</a>;
return an <a title="concept-serialize-xml" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-xml">XML serialization</a> of <var>node</var>
passing the flag <var>require well-formed</var>.
<div class="note"><div class="note-title" id="h_note_2" role="heading" aria-level="3"><span>Note</span></div><p>The <a title="concept-serialize-xml" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-xml">XML serialization</a> defined in this document
conforms to the requirements of the <a title="xml-fragment-serialization-algorithm" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/single-page.html#xml-fragment-serialization-algorithm">XML fragment serialization algorithm</a> defined in [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-HTML5">HTML5</a></cite>].</p></div>
</li></ol>
<p>To produce an <dfn title="concept-serialize-html" id="dfn-concept-serialize-html">HTML serialization</dfn> of a
<code><a title="node" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#node">Node</a></code> <var>node</var>, the user agent
must run the
<a title="html-fragment-serialization-algorithm" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/single-page.html#html-fragment-serialization-algorithm">HTML
fragment serialization algorithm</a> [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-HTML5">HTML5</a></cite>] on <var>node</var> and return the string produced.
<p>To produce an <dfn title="concept-serialize-xml" id="dfn-concept-serialize-xml">XML serialization</dfn> of a
<code><a title="node" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#node">Node</a></code> <var>node</var> given a
flag <var>require well-formed</var>, run the following steps:
<ol>
<li>Let <dfn title="concept-context-namespace" id="dfn-concept-context-namespace">context namespace</dfn> be <code>null</code>.
The <a title="concept-context-namespace" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-context-namespace">context namespace</a> is changed when a
<var>node</var> serializes a different default namespace definition from its parent. The
algorithm assumes no namespace to start.
<li>Let <dfn title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" id="dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</dfn> be a new map
for associating <code>namespaceURI</code> and namespace <code>prefix</code> pairs, where
<code>namespaceURI</code> values are the map's keys, and <code>prefix</code> values are
the map's key values. The <a title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</a>
will be populated by previously seen namespaceURIs and their most recent prefix associations
for a subtree. <span class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> the
<a title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</a> only associates a single
prefix value with a given namespaceURI. During serialization, if different namespace prefixes
are found that map to the same namespaceURI, the last one encountered "wins" by replacing the
existing key value in the map with the new prefix value.</span>
<li>Initialize the <a title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</a> with the
<a title="xml-ns" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-xml-ns">XML namespace</a> key and string <code>"xml"</code> as the key value.
<li>Let <dfn title="concept-generated-prefix" id="dfn-concept-generated-prefix">generated namespace prefix index</dfn> be an integer
with a value of <code>1</code>. The <a title="concept-generated-prefix" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-generated-prefix">generated namespace
prefix index</a> is used to generate a new unique prefix value when no suitable existing
namespace prefix is available to serialize a <var>node</var>'s namespaceURI (or the namespaceURI
of one of <var>node</var>'s attributes). <span class="note">See the
<a title="concept-generate-prefix" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-generate-prefix">generate a prefix</a> algorithm.</span>
<li>Return the result of running the <a title="concept-xml-serialization-algorithm" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-xml-serialization-algorithm">XML serialization
algorithm</a> on <var>node</var> passing the <a title="concept-context-namespace" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-context-namespace">context
namespace</a>, <a title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</a>,
<a title="concept-generated-prefix" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-generated-prefix">generated namespace prefix index</a> reference, and the
flag <var>require well-formed</var>. If an <dfn title="concept-algorithm-exception" id="dfn-concept-algorithm-exception">exception</dfn>
occurs during the execution of the algorithm, then catch that exception and throw a
<code><a title="domexception" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#domexception">DOMException</a></code> with
name "<code><a title="error-names-0" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#error-names-0">InvalidStateError</a></code>".
</li></ol>
<p>An <a title="concept-serialize-xml" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-xml">XML serialization</a> differs from an
<a title="concept-serialize-html" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-html">HTML serialization</a> in the following ways:
<ul>
<li><a title="element" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#element">Elements</a> and
<a title="concept-attribute" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#concept-attribute">attributes</a>
will always be serialized such that their namespaceURI is preserved. In some cases
this means that an existing prefix, prefix declaration attribute or default namespace
declaration attribute might be dropped, substituted or changed.
An <a title="concept-serialize-html" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-html">HTML serialization</a> does not attempt to
preserve the namespaceURI.
<li><a title="element" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#element">Elements</a> not in the
<a title="html-ns" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-html-ns">HTML namespace</a> containing no children, are serialized using
the self-closing tag syntax (i.e., according to the <var>EmptyElemTag</var>
production of [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XML10">XML10</a></cite>]).
</li></ul>
<p>Otherwise, the algorithm for producing an <a title="concept-serialize-xml" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-xml">XML serialization</a>
is designed to produce a serialization that is compatible with the
<a title="html-parser" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/single-page.html#html-parser">HTML parser</a>. For example,
elements in the <a title="html-ns" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-html-ns">HTML namespace</a>closing tag syntax [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XML10">XML10</a></cite>].
<div class="note"><div class="note-title" id="h_note_3" role="heading" aria-level="3"><span>Note</span></div><p>Per [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-DOM4">DOM4</a></cite>], <code><a title="interface-attr" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-attr">Attr</a></code>
objects do not inherit from <code><a title="node" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#node">Node</a></code>, and thus cannot
be serialized by the <a title="concept-xml-serialization-algorithm" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-xml-serialization-algorithm">XML serialization algorithm</a>.
An attempt to serialize an <code><a title="interface-attr" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-attr">Attr</a></code>
object will result in a <code>TypeError</code> exception [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-WEBIDL">WEBIDL</a></cite>].
</p></div><p>To run the <dfn title="concept-xml-serialization-algorithm" id="dfn-concept-xml-serialization-algorithm">XML serialization algorithm</dfn> on
a <var>node</var> given a <a title="concept-context-namespace" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-context-namespace">context namespace</a>
<var>namespace</var>, a <a title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</a>
<var>prefix map</var>, a <a title="concept-generated-prefix" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-generated-prefix">generated namespace prefix index</a>
<var>prefix index</var>, and a flag <var>require well-formed</var>, the user agent must run the
appropriate steps, depending on <var>node</var>'s interface:</p>
<dl class="switch">
<dt><code><a title="interface-element" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#interface-element">Element</a></code>
<dd>
<p>Run the following algorithm:
<ol>
<!-- "namespace" was passed via the caller, it's the default namespace scope -->
<!-- "prefix map" was passed via the caller, it's the namespace->prefix map -->
<!-- "prefix index" was passed via the caller, it's a number for generating prefixes if necessary -->
<!-- "require well-formed" was passed via the caller, it's a flag (true/false) for whether certain validation steps should be taken during serialization. -->
<li>If the <a title="concept-well-formed" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-well-formed">require well-formed</a> flag is set (its value is
<code>true</code>), and this <var>node</var>'s
<code><a title="dom-element-localname" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-localname">localName</a></code>
attribute contains the character "<code>:</code>" (U+003A COLON) or does not match the
XML <code>Name</code> production [<cite><a class="bibref" href="#bib-XML10">XML10</a></cite>], then <a title="concept-algorithm-exception" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-algorithm-exception">throw an
exception</a>; the serialization of this <var>node</var> would not be a well-formed element.
<li>Let <var>markup</var> be the string "<code><</code>" (U+003C LESS-THAN SIGN).
<li>Let <var>qualified name</var> be an empty string.
<li>Let a <var>skip end tag</var> flag have the value <code>false</code>.
<li>Let an <var>ignore namespace definition attribute</var> flag have the value <code>false</code>.
<li>Let <var>map</var> be a copy of the <var>prefix map</var> <a title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</a>.
<li>Let <var>element prefixes list</var> be an empty list. <span class="note">This list is
local to each element. Its purpose is to ensure that there are no conflicting prefixes
should a new namespace prefix attribute need to be generated.</span>
<li>Let <var>duplicate prefix definition</var> be <code>null</code>.
<li>Let <var>local default namespace</var> be the result of
<a title="concept-record-namespace-info" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-record-namespace-info">recording the namespace information</a> for
<var>node</var> given <var>map</var>, <var>element prefixes list</var>, and
<var>duplicate prefix definition</var>.
<div class="note"><div class="note-title" id="h_note_4" role="heading" aria-level="3"><span>Note</span></div><p>This above step will update the <var>map</var> with any found namespace prefix
definitions, add the found prefix definitions to the <var>element prefixes list</var>, optionally
set the <var>duplicate prefix definition</var> value, and return a local default namespace
value defined by a default namespace attribute if one exists. Otherwise it returns
<code>null</code>.</p></div>
<li>Let <var>inherited ns</var> be a copy of <var>namespace</var>.
<li>Let <var>ns</var> be the value of <var>node</var>'s
<code><a title="dom-element-namespaceuri" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-namespaceuri">namespaceURI</a></code>
attribute.
<li>If <var>inherited ns</var> is equal to <var>ns</var>, then:
<ol>
<li>If <var>local default namespace</var> is not <code>null</code>, then set <var>ignore
namespace definition attribute</var> to <code>true</code>.
<li>If <var>ns</var> is the <a title="xml-ns" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-xml-ns">XML namespace</a>, then let <var>qualified name</var>
be the concatenation of the string "<code>xml:</code>" and the value of <var>node</var>'s
<code><a title="dom-element-localname" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-localname">localName</a></code>.
<li>Otherwise, let <var>qualified name</var> be the value of <var>node</var>'s
<code><a title="dom-element-localname" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-localname">localName</a></code>.
<span class="note">The <var>node</var>'s prefix is always dropped.</span>
<li>Append the value of <var>qualified name</var> to <var>markup</var>.
</li></ol>
<li>Otherwise, <var>inherited ns</var> is not equal to <var>ns</var> (the <var>node</var>'s
own namespace is different from the context namespace of its parent). Run these sub-steps:
<!-- The serialization algorithm must differentiate this node's namespace from it's parent's default
namespace. There are two ways to do this: (1) [preferred due to assumed minimum length] use a
namespace prefix if one is available or (2) use a default namespace declaration. Both cases can
run into conflicts with existing attributes on the element and are handled accordingly. -->
<ol>
<li>Let <var>prefix</var> be the value of <var>node</var>'s
<code><a title="dom-element-prefix" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-prefix">prefix</a></code>
attribute.
<li>Let <var>candidate prefix</var> be a value from <var>map</var> where there exists a key in
<var>map</var> that matches the value of <var>ns</var> or if there is no such key, then let
<var>candidate prefix</var> be <code>null</code>.
<!-- Found a suitable prefix to use, either locally, or inherited through a parent node that
matches the node's namespaceURI. This prefix will be used in serialization even if the node
doesn't have a real prefix. -->
<li>If <var>candidate prefix</var> is not <code>null</code> (a suitable namespace prefix is defined
which maps to <var>ns</var>), then:
<ol>
<li>Let <var>qualified name</var> be the concatenation of <var>candidate prefix</var>,
"<code>:</code>" (U+003A COLON), and <code><a title="dom-element-localname" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-localname">localName</a></code>.
<span class="note">There exists on this <var>node</var> or the <var>node</var>'s ancestry a
namespace prefix definition that defines the <var>node</var>'s namespace.</span>
<li>If <var>local default namespace</var> is not <code>null</code> (there exists a locally-defined
default namespace declaration attribute), then let <var>inherited ns</var> get the value of
<var>ns</var>.
<li>Append the value of <var>qualified name</var> to <var>markup</var>.
</li></ol>
<!-- Now there's no existing namespace->prefix mapping to override; try to use a prefix: -->
<li>Otherwise, if <var>prefix</var> is not <code>null</code> and <var>local default namespace</var> is
<code>null</code>, then:
<ol>
<li>If the <var>element prefixes list</var> contains the value of <var>prefix</var>, then
let <var>prefix</var> be the result of
<a title="concept-generate-prefix" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-generate-prefix">generating a prefix</a> providing as input the
<a title="concept-namespace-prefix-map" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-namespace-prefix-map">namespace prefix map</a> <var>map</var>,
<var>node</var>'s <var>ns</var> string, and the <var>prefix index</var> integer.
<li>Otherwise, append to <var>map</var> a new key <var>ns</var> whose key value is
<var>prefix</var>.
<!-- Prefix is now either real or generated, and added to the map. -->
<li>Let <var>qualified name</var> be the concatenation
of <var>prefix</var>, "<code>:</code>" (U+003A COLON), and
<code><a title="dom-element-localname" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-localname">localName</a></code>.
<li>Append the value of <var>qualified name</var> to <var>markup</var>.
<li>Append the following to <var>markup</var>, in the order listed: <span class="note">The following
serializes the new namespace/prefix association just added to the <var>map</var>.</span>
<ol>
<li>"<code> </code>" (U+0020 SPACE);
<li>the string "<code>xmlns:</code>";
<li>the value of <var>prefix</var>;
<li>"<code>="</code>" (U+003D EQUALS SIGN, U+0022 QUOTATION MARK);
<li>The result of <a title="concept-serialize-attr-value" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-attr-value">serializing an attribute value</a>
given <var>ns</var> and the <a title="concept-well-formed" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-well-formed">require well-formed</a> flag
as input;
<li>"<code>"</code>" (U+0022 QUOTATION MARK);
</li></ol>
</li></ol>
<!-- Giving up on the prefix route, try to use a default namespace instead (stomping on an existing
one if necessary) and dropping the node's prefix -->
<li>Otherwise, if <var>local default namespace</var> is <code>null</code>, or <var>local default
namespace</var> is not <code>null</code> and its value is not equal to <var>ns</var>, then:
<ol>
<li>Set the <var>ignore namespace definition attribute</var> flag to <code>true</code>.
<li>Let <var>qualified name</var> be the <var>node</var>'s <code><a title="dom-element-localname" class="externalDFN" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/dom/#dom-element-localname">localName</a></code>.
<li>Let the value of <var>inherited ns</var> be <var>ns</var>. <span class="note">The new
default namespace will be used in the serialization to define this <var>node</var>'s
namespace and act as the context namespace for its children.</span>
<li>Append the value of <var>qualified name</var> to <var>markup</var>.
<li>Append the following to <var>markup</var>, in the order listed: <span class="note">The following
serializes the new (or replacement) default namespace definition.</span>
<ol>
<li>"<code> </code>" (U+0020 SPACE);
<li>the string "<code>xmlns</code>";
<li>"<code>="</code>" (U+003D EQUALS SIGN, U+0022 QUOTATION MARK);
<li>The result of <a title="concept-serialize-attr-value" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-serialize-attr-value">serializing an attribute value</a>
given <var>ns</var> and the <a title="concept-well-formed" class="internalDFN" href="#dfn-concept-well-formed">require well-formed</a> flag
as input;
<li>"<code>"</code>" (U+0022 QUOTATION MARK);
</li></ol>