Install Linux onto your Chromebook. Dual-boot alongside ChromeOS for maximum flexibility.
| works on | Most Chromebook models. See chromebooks. |
| installs | Several Linux distributions. See operating systems and recommendations. |
chrx.org
github.com/reynhout/chrx
Version 3.0.2 See changelog.
Installing Linux via chrx onto a new (or freshly recovered) Chromebook is a two-phase process:
- The first phase reserves space on your storage device for the new operating system, and then reboots.
- The second phase installs your chosen distribution, and configures the new system according to your selected options.
If you reinstall later, or switch to a another distribution, chrx will skip directly to phase two.
- Enable Developer Mode
- (for most models, press
ESC+F3(Refresh)+Power)
- (for most models, press
- Boot ChromeOS and open Terminal
- Press
CTRL+Dat the white "ChromeOS is missing or damaged" (or "OS verification is OFF") screen - Configure Wi-Fi and log in (Guest account is fine)
- Open ChromeOS Terminal by pressing
CTRL+ALT+T, and enteringshellat the prompt
- Press
- Update firmware, if necessary -- see chromebooks
- required for Bay Trail, Braswell, and Apollo Lake models
- recommended for Broadwell, Skylake, and Kaby Lake models
- optional for Haswell models
- Download and run chrx
curl https://chrx.org/ | sudo tar xzfC - /usr/local && chrx- Several options are available to customize your installation
- This new command line is required for ChromeOS M82 and newer. It also works on older ChromeOS versions.
- Follow on-screen instructions to allocate storage space for Linux
- chrx will suggest dedicating as much space as possible to Linux, and as little as necessary for ChromeOS. Choose your allocation ratio according to your personal requirements and preferences!
- Repeat steps 2 and 4 to install and configure your new system
chrx can accept several command-line options:
Usage: chrx [ option ... ]
Options
-d DISTRIBUTION OS-specific distribution to install [galliumos]
galliumos, ubuntu, lubuntu, xubuntu, kubuntu, edubuntu,
fedora
-e ENVIRONMENT distribution-specific environment [desktop]
galliumos: desktop
ubuntu etc: desktop, minimal, standard, server
fedora: desktop, workstation, kde, xfce, lxde, mate,
cinnamon, sugar
-r RELEASE distribution release number or name [latest]
galliumos: latest, 3.0, bismuth, 2.0, xenon, nightly
ubuntu etc: latest, lts, dev, 16.04, 16.10, xenial, etc
fedora: latest, 23, 24, 25
-a ARCH processor architecture (i386, amd64) [amd64]
-m MIRROR distribution-specific download mirror [primary]
galliumos: ny1.us, va1.us, rb1.fr
-t TARGETDISK target disk (/dev/mmcblk1, /dev/sdb, etc) []
-p PACKAGE additional packages to install, may repeat []
kodi, minecraft, steam, etc, see chrx.org for more
(not yet supported on fedora)
-H HOSTNAME hostname for new system [chrx]
-U USERNAME username of first created user [chrx]
-L LOCALE locale for new system [en_US.UTF-8]
-Z TIMEZONE timezone for new system, Eggert convention [America/New_York]
America/San_Francisco, Europe/Amsterdam, Etc/UTC, etc
-n disable success/failure notifications
-s skip all customization, install stock OS only
-y run non-interactively, take defaults and do not confirm
-v increase output verbosity
-h show this help
Default values are shown in brackets, e.g.: [default].
If TARGETDISK is not specified, chrx will select the internal SSD.
chrx can install additional software packages after installing
your new operating system, using the -p PACKAGE option.
You can install any package in the Ubuntu repositories via this method, plus a few non-Ubuntu packages for which chrx has special handling, and some aliases for convenience:
minecraftinstalls Minecraftsteaminstalls Steamkodiinstalls Kodi Media Centerchromeinstalls Google Chromeadmin-miscis an alias for"ssh tmux rsync vim"dev-miscis an alias for"arduino geany geany-plugins ruby"
To install multiple packages from the chrx command line, you
can repeat the -p PACKAGE option as many times as you need, or
you can quote the argument, e.g.: -p "gimp blender inkscape".
GalliumOS Desktop (latest), verbosely:
chrx -v
GalliumOS Desktop (latest), plus packages:
chrx -p "minecraft steam kodi"
Lubuntu Desktop (latest):
chrx -d lubuntu
Ubuntu Standard, version 16.04, system name hal, first user dave, including some administrative tools:
chrx -d ubuntu -e standard -r 16.04 -H hal -U dave -p admin-misc
| status | CPU family | notes |
|---|---|---|
| ✅ | Intel Haswell | Firmware update available (RW_LEGACY) |
| ✅ | Intel Broadwell | Firmware update recommended (RW_LEGACY) |
| ✅ | Intel Skylake | Firmware update recommended (RW_LEGACY) |
| ✅ | Intel Kaby Lake | Firmware update recommended (RW_LEGACY) |
| ✅ | Intel Bay Trail | Firmware update required (RW_LEGACY) |
| ✅ | Intel Braswell | Firmware update required (RW_LEGACY) |
| ✅ | Intel Apollo Lake | Firmware update required (RW_LEGACY) |
| ❓ | Intel Sandy/Ivy Bridge | Requires SeaBIOS with Legacy Boot capability |
| ❓ | Intel Pineview | Requires SeaBIOS with Legacy Boot capability |
| ❌ | ARM | ARM support is very unlikely |
If you do not know the CPU in your device, check here: https://wiki.galliumos.org/Hardware_Compatibility
| status | OS | distribution | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ✅ | Linux | GalliumOS | Derived from Xubuntu, developed specifically for compatibility and optimized performance on Chromebook hardware. |
| ✅ | Linux | Lubuntu | A light-weight variant of Ubuntu, with the LXDE desktop environment. |
| ✅ | Linux | Xubuntu | A light-weight variant of Ubuntu, with the Xfce desktop environment. |
| ✅ | Linux | Kubuntu | Ubuntu with the KDE desktop environment. |
| ✅ | Linux | Edubuntu | Full Ubuntu plus application bundles used in educational settings. |
| ✅ | Linux | Ubuntu | The standard full Ubuntu distro. |
| ✅ | Linux | Fedora | New 20161121! |
| ❌ | FreeBSD | Work in progress! |
Chromebooks perform best with lighter-weight operating systems and desktop environments, and they often require updated kernel drivers to support their new and tightly integrated hardware.
Selecting a distribution which meets these needs is therefore an important part of Linux-on-Chromebook happiness. While any updated distro will work for ordinary tasks, there are a few that stand out:
- GalliumOS is optimized specifically for Chromebooks. It scores well on all metrics, looks great, and installs quickly. Some memory-hungry applications (e.g. Steam games) perform best on GalliumOS thanks to careful optimizations. GalliumOS is the default distro installed by chrx.
- Lubuntu also scores and performs well. It uses significantly less RAM than other distros.
- Xubuntu is another good choice. It's a bit heavier-weight than Lubuntu, but still performs very well.
- Fedora comes in several "spins" (desktop environments, selected with
-e ENVIRONMENT), some of which (lxde) are lightweight, and some of which (desktop (gnome), default) are heavier. A few sample spins have been added to measurements below. - I would not choose standard, full, Ubuntu for a Chromebook. It is perfectly usable, bit it's heavier and suffers in performance, without offering any important benefits. Memory use starts higher and increases much more quickly as you use the desktop apps (not reflected in measurements below). If your Chromebook model has 4GB of RAM, the performance differences are reduced but not eliminated.
| distribution¹ | disk space² | RAM use³ | install time⁴ | recommended? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GalliumOS 3.0 | 3.2GB | 320MB | 10 mins | ✅ |
| GalliumOS 2.0 | 2.5GB | 291MB | 9 mins | ✅ |
| GalliumOS 1.0 | 2.8GB | 287MB | 10 mins | ✅ |
| Lubuntu 15.10 | 2.7GB | 227MB | 18 mins | ✅ |
| Lubuntu 16.04 | 3.1GB | 185MB | 19 mins | ✅ |
| Xubuntu 15.04 | 3.0GB | 360MB | 22 mins | ✅ |
| Ubuntu 15.04 | 3.5GB | 440MB | 28 mins | ❌ |
| Kubuntu 15.10 | 4.2GB | 613MB | ❌ | |
| Fedora 24 (lxde) | 2.9GB | 182MB | 20 mins | ✅ |
| Fedora 24 (cinnamon) | 3.8GB | 384MB | 27 mins | ✅ |
| Fedora 24 | 4.5GB | 647MB | 27 mins | ❌ |
- All distributions were installed with the
desktopenvironment option, except where noted. - Disk space can be reduced by removing unwanted packages. The number shown reflects the default install for the desktop environment.
- RAM use is measured after graphical login, connecting to Wi-Fi, and opening one window of the default Terminal program to run
/usr/bin/freeafter a couple minutes for the system to stabilize. The number shown is an average of several tests, and variance is very low (2-3%). - Installation time will vary greatly depending on your Internet connection, but the ratios should be representative.
"Working" is defined as:
- system boots cleanly and quickly
- installation remnants are cleaned up
- swap and compressed RAM are enabled
- proper drivers are properly loaded
- trackpad works (standard & australian)
- trackpad settings are usable
- audio works, including after sleep/wake
- wireless works, including after sleep/wake
- function keys for backlight are functional
- function keys volume control are functional
- microphone input works
- webcam input works
- power management sleeps system when lid closed
- power management wakes system when lid opened
- no user configuration is required for basic use
This list might evolve. Your input is welcome!
chrx is a command-line installer which requires requires no physical media or other preparation to install. It allows you to dual-boot, so you can choose Linux or ChromeOS each time you turn on your Chromebook. This is a flexible setup, well-suited for many users, but of course not all.
Consider these alternatives:
- Single-Boot instead of dual-boot. If you don't need or want ChromeOS, you don't need to keep it. You can install directly from a Linux ISO written to a USB/SD device. As with dual-boot, you might need to update firmware (full ROM/UEFI is recommended for single-boot only), and GalliumOS is the distro of choice.
- Crouton allows you to run ChromeOS and Linux simultaneously, instead of dual-booting like chrx. This arrangement has a few drawbacks, but if you spend most of your time in ChromeOS and your Linux needs are limited, it should serve well.
- Crostini is Google's Linux-apps-in-containers-inside-virtual-machines-on-ChromeOS project. It's only available on newer Chromebook models, so be sure to check the compatibility list first.
Running code from the net is always an act that requires careful thought. chrx can be run directly from the net, and by default will download additional code via the same mechanisms. Any of these downloads could be misdirected or compromised. Downloading over an unsecured network (e.g. public Wi-Fi) raises the likelihood of such malfeasance, but it can never be fully eliminated.
If these are concerns of yours, you can mitigate your risks by auditing all of the code involved, comparing checksums of downloaded packages, and hosting local caches (see advanced usage).
Also, chrx "pings home" on every install to report success or failure. This ping includes no personal information, only data that might be useful for investigating failures.
Log entries created by these pings look like this:
17.x.x.x - - [01/May/2016:07:37:00 +0000] "GET /end_ok HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-"
"chrx/2.2.3 hw=PEPPY_C6A-V7C-A2C sw=linux,galliumos-desktop,latest,2.0,amd64" "-"
hw is a hardware ID that corresponds to your model of Chromebook
(not a serial number).
sw combines a few of the command-line settings (or defaults) that you
used to run chrx.
If this level of information sharing makes you uncomfortable, the behaviour
can be disabled with the -n switch.
chrx is pronounced "marshmallow".
To Jay Lee for ChrUbuntu, to /r/chrubuntu for assembling links to tons of helpful resources, and to the dozens of people who found answers and solved problems before I even started looking.
- 1.0 (20141223)
- 1.1 (20150504): add support for Ubuntu 15.04
- 1.1.1 (20150508): add "-r RELEASE" option; validate some input
- 1.1.2 (20151005): update Ubuntu "trusty" to 14.04.3; add recognized HWIDs (PEPTO, LINK, SAMUS, LEON, PAINE, YUNA, SPRING, SKATE, FALCO, WOLF); always verify chrx.org certificates
- 2.0 (20151025): add GalliumOS support; add support for Ubuntu 15.10; add detection and installation prognosis for all known ChromeOS devices; add "-d DISTRIBUTION" and "-e ENVIRONMENT" options; remove "-m METAPACKAGE" option; remove "-i IMAGE" option, make RELEASE smarter; work around
systemdconflict; refactor code into functions to facilitate multiple distros and future operating systems - 2.0.1 (20151113): update core image pathname for GalliumOS
- 2.0.2 (20151118): update some HWIDs
- 2.0.3 (20151119): bugfix: issue #4, parted and partprobe removed from ChromeOS
- 2.0.4 (20151120): bugfix: issue #5, "-r RELEASE" handling failing for some values of RELEASE
- 2.0.5 (20151212): add first user to important groups; use generic coreimage for GalliumOS
- 2.0.6 (20151214): bugfix: issue #7, add GalliumOS hwspecific pkgs properly
- 2.0.7 (20151214): update detection for all known ChromeOS devices; improve prognosis descriptions
- 2.0.8 (20160102): add CHRX_NO_REBOOT env var for use with https://github.com/MattDevo/scripts
- 2.1 (20160103): add "-p PACKAGE" option to install additional packages
- 2.1.1 (20160120): update URL for GalliumOS coreimage; make sure util pkgs are added
- 2.1.2 (20160130): add parsing for "-r nightly" (GalliumOS only, installs nightly build); log chrx command line for debugging; add first user to groups more quietly
- 2.2 (20160304): switch default distribution to GalliumOS
- 2.2.1 (20160316): bugfix: issue #12, errors installing to external media
- 2.2.2 (20160420): retry/resume failed image downloads; add new HWIDs
- 2.2.3 (20160426): do not drop to shell before reboot; do not retry coreimage downloads; update steam install for xenial; update docs for Ubuntu 16.04
- 2.2.4 (20160505): add Google Chrome to installable packages; add new HWIDs, update others
- 2.2.5 (20160512): update Ubuntu base/core image URL (thanks arsfeld)
- 2.2.6 (20160619): hide eMMC partitions properly (thanks gmykhailiuta); improve -r RELEASE handling for GalliumOS; add preliminary handling for running under non-ChromeOS
- 2.2.7 (20160810): use version-dependent Ubuntu URL to match new Canonical schemes; update Ubuntu "trusty" to 14.04.5
- 2.2.8 (20161002): add support for new GalliumOS hardware-specific pkgs: braswell, skylake, samus
- 2.3 (20161121): add support for Fedora! thanks @jedigo!
- 2.3.1 (20161208): Fedora: add
-psupport, add latest to auto-detection, add nonfree codecs (thx @jedigo); GalliumOS: use chrx GRUB config; all: add more hidden mmcblk0 partitions, update GRUB config - 2.3.2 (20161222): add first user to groups individually in case selected distro/metapackage/spin does not include all (fixes #30)
- 2.4 (20161228): add support selection of mirror sites (GalliumOS-only)
- 2.4.1 (20170129): GalliumOS: Fix LINK, add CHELL HiDPI pkg selection
- 2.4.2 (20180201): Fedora: updates for Fedora 27
- 2.4.3 (20180211): Ubuntu: update versioning; all: handle NVMe disks
- 2.5 (20180607): GalliumOS: updates for GalliumOS 3.0
- 2.5.1 (20190620): Add support for Intel Gemini Lake and Amber Lake
- 2.6 (20190629): GalliumOS: default to 3.0
- 2.7 (20191029): Fedora: fixes for versions 30, 31. Thanks @jedigo!
- 2.8 (20191101): update and improve hardware detection matching
- 3.0 (20191110): internal improvements for noexec partitions; separate HWID lists to simplify reuse and updates; new, more-complicated, command line :(
- 3.0.1 (20200530): Print useful error message if run with old command-line on older ChromeOS; Ubuntu: do not install Google Chrome by default
- 3.0.2 (20200731): Remove redundant check form RW_LEGACY via mosys