In an ideal world, applications might log their messages within a single line, but in reality applications generate multiple log messages that sometimes belong to the same context. But when is time to process such information it gets really complex. Consider application stack traces which always have multiple log lines.
Starting from Fluent Bit v1.8, we have implemented a unified Multiline core functionality to solve all the user corner cases. In this section, you will learn about the features and configuration options available.
The Multiline parser engine exposes two ways to configure and use the functionality:
- Built-in multiline parser
- Configurable multiline parser
Without any extra configuration, Fluent Bit exposes certain pre-configured parsers (built-in) to solve specific multiline parser cases, e.g:
| Parser | Description |
|---|---|
| docker | Process a log entry generated by a Docker container engine. This parser supports the concatenation of log entries split by Docker. |
| cri | Process a log entry generated by CRI-O container engine. Same as the docker parser, it supports concatenation of log entries |
| go | Process log entries generated by a Go based language application and perform concatenation if multiline messages are detected. |
| python | Process log entries generated by a Python based language application and perform concatenation if multiline messages are detected. |
| java | Process log entries generated by a Google Cloud Java language application and perform concatenation if multiline messages are detected. |
Besides the built-in parsers listed above, through the configuration files is possible to define your own Multiline parsers with their own rules.
A multiline parser is defined in a parsers configuration file by using a [MULTILINE_PARSER] section definition. The Multiline parser must have a unique name and a type plus other configured properties associated with each type.
To understand which Multiline parser type is required for your use case you have to know beforehand what are the conditions in the content that determines the beginning of a multiline message and the continuation of subsequent lines. We provide a regex based configuration that supports states to handle from the most simple to difficult cases.
| Property | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| name | Specify a unique name for the Multiline Parser definition. A good practice is to prefix the name with the word multiline_ to avoid confusion with normal parser's definitions. |
|
| type | Set the multiline mode, for now, we support the type regex. |
|
| parser | Name of a pre-defined parser that must be applied to the incoming content before applying the regex rule. If no parser is defined, it's assumed that's a raw text and not a structured message. Note: when a parser is applied to a raw text, then the regex is applied against a specific key of the structured message by using the |
|
| key_content | For an incoming structured message, specify the key that contains the data that should be processed by the regular expression and possibly concatenated. | |
| flush_timeout | Timeout in milliseconds to flush a non-terminated multiline buffer. Default is set to 5 seconds. | 5s |
| rule | Configure a rule to match a multiline pattern. The rule has a specific format described below. Multiple rules can be defined. |
Before start configuring your parser you need to know the answer to the following questions:
- What is the regular expression (regex) that matches the first line of a multiline message ?
- What are the regular expressions (regex) that match the continuation lines of a multiline message ?
When matching regex, we have to define states, some states define the start of a multiline message while others are states for the continuation of multiline messages. You can have multiple continuation states definitions to solve complex cases.
The first regex that matches the start of a multiline message is called start_state, then other regexes continuation lines can have different state names.
A rule specifies how to match a multiline pattern and perform the concatenation. A rule is defined by 3 specific components:
- state name
- regular expression pattern
- next state
A rule might be defined as follows (comments added to simplify the definition) :
# rules | state name | regex pattern | next state
# --------|----------------|---------------------------------------------
rule "start_state" "/([a-zA-Z]+ \d+ \d+\:\d+\:\d+)(.*)/" "cont"
rule "cont" "/^\s+at.*/" "cont"
In the example above, we have defined two rules, each one has its own state name, regex patterns, and the next state name. Every field that composes a rule must be inside double quotes.
The first rule of state name must always be start_state, and the regex pattern must match the first line of a multiline message, also a next state must be set to specify how the possible continuation lines would look like.
{% hint style="info" %}
To simplify the configuration of regular expressions, you can use the Rubular web site. We have posted an example by using the regex described above plus a log line that matches the pattern:
https://rubular.com/r/NDuyKwlTGOvq2g
{% endhint %}
The following example provides a full Fluent Bit configuration file for multiline parsing by using the definition explained above.
{% hint style="info" %}
The following example files can be located at:
https://github.com/fluent/fluent-bit/tree/master/documentation/examples/multiline/regex-001
{% endhint %}
Example files content:
{% tabs %}
{% tab title="fluent-bit.conf" %}
This is the primary Fluent Bit configuration file. It includes the parsers_multiline.conf and tails the file test.log by applying the multiline parser multiline-regex-test. Then it sends the processing to the standard output.
[SERVICE]
flush 1
log_level info
parsers_file parsers_multiline.conf
[INPUT]
name tail
path test.log
read_from_head true
multiline.parser multiline-regex-test
[OUTPUT]
name stdout
match *
{% endtab %}
{% tab title="parsers_multiline.conf" %} This second file defines a multiline parser for the example.
[MULTILINE_PARSER]
name multiline-regex-test
type regex
flush_timeout 1000
#
# Regex rules for multiline parsing
# ---------------------------------
#
# configuration hints:
#
# - first state always has the name: start_state
# - every field in the rule must be inside double quotes
#
# rules | state name | regex pattern | next state
# ------|---------------|--------------------------------------------
rule "start_state" "/([a-zA-Z]+ \d+ \d+\:\d+\:\d+)(.*)/" "cont"
rule "cont" "/^\s+at.*/" "cont"
{% endtab %}
{% tab title="test.log" %} An example file with multiline content:
single line...
Dec 14 06:41:08 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.RuntimeException: Something has gone wrong, aborting!
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.badMethod(MyProject.java:22)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.oneMoreMethod(MyProject.java:18)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.anotherMethod(MyProject.java:14)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.someMethod(MyProject.java:10)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.main(MyProject.java:6)
another line...
{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}
By running Fluent Bit with the given configuration file you will obtain:
$ fluent-bit -c fluent-bit.conf
[0] tail.0: [0.000000000, {"log"=>"single line...
"}]
[1] tail.0: [1626634867.472226330, {"log"=>"Dec 14 06:41:08 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.RuntimeException: Something has gone wrong, aborting!
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.badMethod(MyProject.java:22)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.oneMoreMethod(MyProject.java:18)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.anotherMethod(MyProject.java:14)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.someMethod(MyProject.java:10)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.main(MyProject.java:6)
"}]
[2] tail.0: [1626634867.472226330, {"log"=>"another line...
"}]
The lines that did not match a pattern are not considered as part of the multiline message, while the ones that matched the rules were concatenated properly.
The multiline parser is a very powerful feature, but it has some limitations that you should be aware of:
- The multiline parser is not affected by the
buffer_max_sizeconfiguration option, allowing the composed log record to grow beyond this size. Hence, theskip_long_linesoption will not be applied to multiline messages. - It is not possible to get the time key from the body of the multiline message. However, it can be extracted and set as a new key by using a filter.
Fluent-bit supports /pat/m option. It allows . matches a new line. It is useful to parse multiline log.
The following example is to get date and message from concatenated log.
Example files content:
{% tabs %}
{% tab title="fluent-bit.conf" %}
This is the primary Fluent Bit configuration file. It includes the parsers_multiline.conf and tails the file test.log by applying the multiline parser multiline-regex-test. It also parses concatenated log by applying parser named-capture-test. Then it sends the processing to the standard output.
[SERVICE]
flush 1
log_level info
parsers_file parsers_multiline.conf
[INPUT]
name tail
path test.log
read_from_head true
multiline.parser multiline-regex-test
[FILTER]
name parser
match *
key_name log
parser named-capture-test
[OUTPUT]
name stdout
match *
{% endtab %}
{% tab title="parsers_multiline.conf" %} This second file defines a multiline parser for the example.
[MULTILINE_PARSER]
name multiline-regex-test
type regex
flush_timeout 1000
#
# Regex rules for multiline parsing
# ---------------------------------
#
# configuration hints:
#
# - first state always has the name: start_state
# - every field in the rule must be inside double quotes
#
# rules | state name | regex pattern | next state
# ------|---------------|--------------------------------------------
rule "start_state" "/([a-zA-Z]+ \d+ \d+\:\d+\:\d+)(.*)/" "cont"
rule "cont" "/^\s+at.*/" "cont"
[PARSER]
Name named-capture-test
Format regex
Regex /^(?<date>[a-zA-Z]+ \d+ \d+\:\d+\:\d+) (?<message>.*)/m
{% endtab %}
{% tab title="test.log" %} An example file with multiline content:
single line...
Dec 14 06:41:08 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.RuntimeException: Something has gone wrong, aborting!
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.badMethod(MyProject.java:22)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.oneMoreMethod(MyProject.java:18)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.anotherMethod(MyProject.java:14)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.someMethod(MyProject.java:10)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.main(MyProject.java:6)
another line...
{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}
By running Fluent Bit with the given configuration file you will obtain:
$ fluent-bit -c fluent-bit.conf
[0] tail.0: [1669160706.737650473, {"log"=>"single line...
"}]
[1] tail.0: [1669160706.737657687, {"date"=>"Dec 14 06:41:08", "message"=>"Exception in thread "main" java.lang.RuntimeException: Something has gone wrong, aborting!
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.badMethod(MyProject.java:22)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.oneMoreMethod(MyProject.java:18)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.anotherMethod(MyProject.java:14)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.someMethod(MyProject.java:10)
at com.myproject.module.MyProject.main(MyProject.java:6)
"}]
[2] tail.0: [1669160706.737657687, {"log"=>"another line...
"}]