diff --git a/spec/Section 5 -- Validation.md b/spec/Section 5 -- Validation.md
index a4d5208db..b7a421643 100644
--- a/spec/Section 5 -- Validation.md	
+++ b/spec/Section 5 -- Validation.md	
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ type Query {
 }
 
 type Mutation {
-  addPet(pet: PetInput): Pet
+  addPet(pet: PetInput!): Pet
+  addPets(pet: [PetInput!]!): [Pet]
 }
 
 enum DogCommand {
@@ -1351,6 +1352,12 @@ query goodComplexDefaultValue($search: FindDogInput = { name: "Fido" }) {
     name
   }
 }
+
+mutation addPet($pet: PetInput! = { cat: { name: "Brontie" } }) {
+  addPet(pet: $pet) {
+    name
+  }
+}
 ```
 
 Non-coercible values (such as a String into an Int) are invalid. The following
@@ -1366,6 +1373,24 @@ query badComplexValue {
     name
   }
 }
+
+mutation oneOfWithNoFields {
+  addPet(pet: {}) {
+    name
+  }
+}
+
+mutation oneOfWithTwoFields($dog: DogInput) {
+  addPet(pet: { cat: { name: "Brontie" }, dog: $dog }) {
+    name
+  }
+}
+
+mutation listOfOneOfWithNullableVariable($dog: DogInput) {
+  addPets(pets: [{ dog: $dog }]) {
+    name
+  }
+}
 ```
 
 ### Input Object Field Names
@@ -1452,103 +1477,6 @@ arguments, an input object may have required fields. An input field is required
 if it has a non-null type and does not have a default value. Otherwise, the
 input object field is optional.
 
-### OneOf Input Objects Have Exactly One Field
-
-**Formal Specification**
-
-- For each {operation} in {document}:
-  - Let {oneofInputObjects} be all OneOf Input Objects transitively included in
-    the {operation}.
-  - For each {oneofInputObject} in {oneofInputObjects}:
-    - Let {fields} be the fields provided by {oneofInputObject}.
-    - {fields} must contain exactly one entry.
-    - Let {field} be the sole entry in {fields}.
-    - Let {value} be the value of {field}.
-    - {value} must not be the {null} literal.
-    - If {value} is a variable:
-      - Let {variableName} be the name of {variable}.
-      - Let {variableDefinition} be the {VariableDefinition} named
-        {variableName} defined within {operation}.
-      - Let {variableType} be the expected type of {variableDefinition}.
-      - {variableType} must be a non-null type.
-
-**Explanatory Text**
-
-OneOf Input Objects require that exactly one field must be supplied and that
-field must not be {null}.
-
-An empty OneOf Input Object is invalid.
-
-```graphql counter-example
-mutation addPet {
-  addPet(pet: {}) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
-Multiple fields are not allowed.
-
-```graphql counter-example
-mutation addPet($cat: CatInput, $dog: DogInput) {
-  addPet(pet: { cat: $cat, dog: $dog }) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
-```graphql counter-example
-mutation addPet($dog: DogInput) {
-  addPet(pet: { cat: { name: "Brontie" }, dog: $dog }) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
-```graphql counter-example
-mutation addPet {
-  addPet(pet: { cat: { name: "Brontie" }, dog: null }) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
-Variables used for OneOf Input Object fields must be non-nullable.
-
-```graphql example
-mutation addPet($cat: CatInput!) {
-  addPet(pet: { cat: $cat }) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
-```graphql counter-example
-mutation addPet($cat: CatInput) {
-  addPet(pet: { cat: $cat }) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
-If a field with a literal value is present then the value must not be {null}.
-
-```graphql example
-mutation addPet {
-  addPet(pet: { cat: { name: "Brontie" } }) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
-```graphql counter-example
-mutation addPet {
-  addPet(pet: { cat: null }) {
-    name
-  }
-}
-```
-
 ## Directives
 
 ### Directives Are Defined
@@ -1989,8 +1917,8 @@ IsVariableUsageAllowed(variableDefinition, variableUsage):
 - Let {variableType} be the expected type of {variableDefinition}.
 - Let {locationType} be the expected type of the {Argument}, {ObjectField}, or
   {ListValue} entry where {variableUsage} is located.
-- If {locationType} is a non-null type AND {variableType} is NOT a non-null
-  type:
+- If {IsNonNullPosition(locationType, variableUsage)} AND {variableType} is NOT
+  a non-null type:
   - Let {hasNonNullVariableDefaultValue} be {true} if a default value exists for
     {variableDefinition} and is not the value {null}.
   - Let {hasLocationDefaultValue} be {true} if a default value exists for the
@@ -2001,6 +1929,15 @@ IsVariableUsageAllowed(variableDefinition, variableUsage):
   - Return {AreTypesCompatible(variableType, nullableLocationType)}.
 - Return {AreTypesCompatible(variableType, locationType)}.
 
+IsNonNullPosition(locationType, variableUsage):
+
+- If {locationType} is a non-null type, return {true}.
+- If the location of {variableUsage} is an {ObjectField}:
+  - Let {parentLocationType} be the expected type of {ObjectField}'s parent
+    {ObjectValue}.
+  - If {parentLocationType} is a OneOf Input Object type, return {true}.
+- Return {false}.
+
 AreTypesCompatible(variableType, locationType):
 
 - If {locationType} is a non-null type:
@@ -2089,6 +2026,34 @@ query listToNonNullList($booleanList: [Boolean]) {
 This would fail validation because a `[T]` cannot be passed to a `[T]!`.
 Similarly a `[T]` cannot be passed to a `[T!]`.
 
+Variables used for OneOf Input Object fields must be non-nullable.
+
+```graphql example
+mutation addCat($cat: CatInput!) {
+  addPet(pet: { cat: $cat }) {
+    name
+  }
+}
+mutation addCatWithDefault($cat: CatInput! = { name: "Brontie" }) {
+  addPet(pet: { cat: $cat }) {
+    name
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```graphql counter-example
+mutation addNullableCat($cat: CatInput) {
+  addPet(pet: { cat: $cat }) {
+    name
+  }
+}
+mutation addNullableCatWithDefault($cat: CatInput = { name: "Brontie" }) {
+  addPet(pet: { cat: $cat }) {
+    name
+  }
+}
+```
+
 **Allowing Optional Variables When Default Values Exist**
 
 A notable exception to typical variable type compatibility is allowing a